Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma: Symptoms and Treatments

Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma is a rare but aggressive cancer that affects the lining of the abdomen, known as the peritoneum.

This type of cancer is primarily caused by exposure to asbestos fibers, with a latency period of 20-50 years between exposure and diagnosis.

Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma is significant due to its poor prognosis and limited treatment options compared to other cancers. It has a low prevalence rate, accounting for approximately 10-20% of all mesothelioma cases, but its impact on health is profound.

In the early stages, malignant peritoneal mesothelioma is often asymptomatic, making it challenging to detect until it reaches an advanced stage. The disease can affect essential functions such as digestion, bowel movement, and overall abdominal health.

Short-term risks of untreated malignant peritoneal mesothelioma include abdominal pain, bloating, and fatigue, while long-term risks may lead to bowel obstruction, weight loss, and severe complications. Early detection through regular screenings is crucial for improving prognosis and treatment outcomes.

Causes of Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma

• Asbestos Exposure: Asbestos fibers, when inhaled or swallowed, can become lodged in the peritoneum, leading to chronic inflammation and genetic mutations that trigger cancerous growth.
• Radiation Exposure: Previous radiation therapy to the abdomen increases the risk of developing malignant peritoneal mesothelioma due to DNA damage and cell mutations.
• Genetic Predisposition: In rare cases, genetic mutations inherited from family members can predispose individuals to developing mesothelioma.
• Simian Virus 40 (SV40): Some studies suggest a potential link between SV40, a virus found in certain polio vaccines, and the development of mesothelioma.

Symptoms of Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma

Early Symptoms

• Abdominal Pain: Persistent and severe pain in the abdomen that may worsen with movement or pressure.
• Ascites: Accumulation of fluid in the abdomen, leading to swelling and discomfort.

Advanced Symptoms

• Weight Loss: Unexplained and rapid weight loss due to cancer progression affecting metabolism.
• Bowel Obstruction: Blockage in the intestines causing severe pain, vomiting, and constipation.

Diagnosis of Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma

• Imaging Studies: CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans are used to visualize the peritoneum and detect any abnormalities.
• Biopsy: Tissue samples are collected from the peritoneum to confirm the presence of malignant mesothelioma cells.
• Laparoscopy: A minimally invasive procedure where a thin tube with a camera is inserted into the abdomen to examine the peritoneum closely.
• Blood Tests: Biomarkers like CA-125 may be elevated in patients with malignant peritoneal mesothelioma, aiding in diagnosis.

Treatment Options for Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma

• Surgery: Cytoreductive surgery aims to remove visible tumors in the peritoneum to reduce cancer burden.
• Chemotherapy: Intraperitoneal chemotherapy delivers drugs directly into the abdominal cavity to target cancer cells.
• Immunotherapy: This emerging treatment option boosts the immune system's ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells.

In conclusion, understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for malignant peritoneal mesothelioma is essential for early detection and effective management of this rare but aggressive cancer.

By raising awareness and promoting regular screenings, we can improve outcomes and quality of life for individuals affected by this challenging disease.