Unraveling Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia: Insights & Updates

Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML) is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of immature white blood cells, known as myeloid cells.

CML is significant due to its impact on health, as it can lead to complications such as anemia, bleeding, and an increased risk of infections.

Although relatively rare compared to other types of leukemia, CML accounts for a significant portion of leukemia cases worldwide.

If left untreated, CML can progress and affect essential bodily functions, leading to severe health risks in both the short and long term.

Early stages of CML are often asymptomatic, underscoring the importance of regular screenings and early detection to improve outcomes.

Causes of Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia

Primary Causes:

• Genetic Mutations: The most common cause of CML is a genetic mutation known as the Philadelphia chromosome. This abnormality leads to the overproduction of a protein called BCR-ABL, which drives the uncontrolled growth of myeloid cells.
• Radiation Exposure: Exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation, such as in certain occupational settings or during cancer treatment, can increase the risk of developing CML.
• Environmental Factors: Certain environmental toxins and chemicals have been linked to an increased risk of CML, though the exact mechanisms are still being studied.
• Unknown Factors: In some cases, the exact cause of CML remains unknown, suggesting a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors.

Secondary Risk Factors

• Smoking: Tobacco smoke contains carcinogens that can contribute to the development of CML.
• Obesity: Excess body weight and poor dietary habits may impact immune function and increase the risk of leukemia.
• Family History: Individuals with a family history of CML or other blood cancers may have a higher predisposition to developing the disease.

Symptoms of Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia

Early Symptoms

• Fatigue: Persistent fatigue and weakness that can interfere with daily activities.
• Unexplained Weight Loss: Sudden and unexplained weight loss despite normal eating habits.
• Night Sweats: Profuse sweating during the night, leading to disrupted sleep patterns.

Advanced Symptoms

• Enlarged Spleen: Abdominal discomfort or fullness due to an enlarged spleen.
• Bleeding: Easy bruising, prolonged bleeding, or frequent nosebleeds.
• Bone Pain: Pain or tenderness in the bones, especially in the legs.

Diagnosis of Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia

Diagnostic Tests:

• Blood Tests: Initial blood tests can detect abnormal levels of white blood cells and platelets, indicating a potential blood disorder.
• Bone Marrow Aspiration: A procedure to extract bone marrow samples for detailed analysis of cell composition and genetic abnormalities.
• Cytogenetic Analysis: Examination of chromosomes to identify specific genetic mutations, such as the Philadelphia chromosome.
• Imaging Studies: Imaging techniques like CT scans or ultrasounds may be used to assess organ involvement and disease progression.

Treatment Options for Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia

• Medications: The primary treatment for CML involves targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that block the activity of the BCR-ABL protein.

• Dietary Modifications: Patients are often advised to maintain a healthy, balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while limiting processed foods and excessive sugar intake.

• Physical Activity: Regular exercise can help improve overall health, manage fatigue, and maintain muscle strength during CML treatment.

By addressing the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia, individuals can better understand this condition and take proactive steps towards managing their health effectively.

Early detection, proper medical management, and lifestyle modifications play crucial roles in improving outcomes and quality of life for those affected by CML.